Supporting material for "Putting large-scale numerical simulations of star formation to the test: Comparing synthetic images and actual observations for statistical samples of protostars"

In "Putting large-scale numerical simulations of star formation to the test: Comparing synthetic images and actual observations for statistical samples of protostars" we calculate synthetic observables for one of the largest numerical simulations of star formation ever created.

This page makes synthetic observables, and tables of measurements used in the article available for download. Any use of these data should cite Frimann, Jørgensen, and Haugbølle (2015)

Data Tables

 A variety of physical parameters and observables, calculated for the entire sample of protostars analysed in the paper, are collected in the comma-separated ascii tables below. The content is explained in the header of each table.

Protostar Table - Contains physical parameters and observables for all the protostars (sink particles) in the simulation at different times

Core Table 125pc - Contains observables of the cores identified with the clfind2d algorithm, assuming a distance of 125 pc to the cloud

Core Table 250pc - Contains observables of the cores identified with the clfind2d algorithm, assuming a distance of 250 pc to the cloud

Continuum Images and SEDs

Below is given number of tarballs containing continuum images and SEDs of selected objects in the simulation.

Each tarball contains data from a single snapshot from the simulation (i.e. a lot of different objects observed at the same time) OR data of a single objects, following its evolution through time.

Individual continuum images and SEDs are given a multi extension fits files. Each fits file has three extensions:

  1. The first extension is a bare header containing physical information about the sink particle and its environment (mass, age, surrounding dust mass, ...) as well as technical information about the simulation (AMR levels, number of data points, ...).
  2. The second extension contains the data (continuum image or SED). The information in the header gives information about the format of the data, as well as information about the projection direction, wavelength(s) etc.
  3. The third extension is a fits-table containing a list of all the sink particles (protostars) within the small data range used for calculating the observables. The table gives physical information about all the sink particles. As explained in the paper, however, only one sink particle emits any radiation.

Data from individual snapshots

Output no.: Serial number of snapshot
Nstar: Number of embedded stars in snapshot
Time: Age of oldest sink particle in kyr
SFE: Star Formation Efficiency (Total stellar mass/Total gas mass)

Output no. 230
Nstar  
Time  20.1 kyr
SFE 0.00 % 

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Output no. 240
Nstar  
Time  67.3 kyr
SFE  0.01 %

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Output no. 250
Nstar  
Time  114.4 kyr
SFE 0.02 % 

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Output no. 260
Nstar  
Time  166.8 kyr
SFE 0.07 % 

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Output no. 270
Nstar  
Time  219.2 kyr
SFE 0.14 % 

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Output no. 280
Nstar  
Time  271.6 kyr
SFE 0.28 % 

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Output no. 290
Nstar  
Time  318.8 kyr
SFE 0.49 % 

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Output no. 300
Nstar  
Time  371.2 kyr
SFE 0.82 % 

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Output no. 310
Nstar  
Time  423.6 kyr
SFE 1.18 % 

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Output no. 320
Nstar  
Time  470.7 kyr
SFE 1.56 % 

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

 
Output no. 330
Nstar  
Time  515.4 kyr
SFE 1.87 % 

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

 
Output no. 340
Nstar  
Time  554.6 kyr
SFE  2.28 %

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

 
Output no. 350
Nstar  
Time  591.2 kyr
SFE 2.66 % 

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

 
Output no. 360
Nstar  
Time  629.2 kyr
SFE 2.90 % 

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

 
Output no. 370
Nstar  
Time  675.1 kyr
SFE 3.21 % 

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

 
Output no. 380
Nstar  
Time  701.3 kyr
SFE 3.45 % 

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

 
Output no. 390
Nstar  
Time  718.0 kyr
SFE 3.55 % 

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

 
Output no. 400
Nstar  
Time  734.8 kyr
SFE 3.68 % 

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

 
Output no. 410
Nstar  
Time  755.3 kyr
SFE 3.85 % 

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

 
Output no. 414*
Nstar  
Time  760.2 kyr
SFE 3.88 % 

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

*Last snapshot in simulation

Evolution of individual sink particles

Sink no.: Serial number of sink particle
Mfinal: Sink mass at the end of the simulation in Msun
Note that the projection direction in all windows in the plot is in the z-direction even if some are labeled as x and y.

Sink no. 0
Mfinal  0.24 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 10
Mfinal  0.59 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 20
Mfinal 0.08 Msun 

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 30
Mfinal 1.03 Msun 

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 40
Mfinal  0.04 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 50
Mfinal  0.04 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 60
Mfinal  0.16 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 70
Mfinal  5.55 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 80
Mfinal  0.04 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 90
Mfinal  0.58 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 100
Mfinal  0.51 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 110
Mfinal  0.01 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 120
Mfinal  0.59 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 130
Mfinal  0.05 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 140
Mfinal  2.68 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 150
Mfinal  1.67 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 160
Mfinal 0.05 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 170
Mfinal  3.91 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 180
Mfinal  0.05 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 190
Mfinal  0.04 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 200
Mfinal  0.26 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 210
Mfinal  0.10 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 220
Mfinal  0.06 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 230
Mfinal  2.89 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 240
Mfinal  1.28 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 250
Mfinal  0.03 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 260
Mfinal  1.44 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 270
Mfinal 0.62 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 280
Mfinal  2.33 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 290
Mfinal  0.03 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 300
Mfinal  0.09 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 310
Mfinal  0.01 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 320
Mfinal 0.07 Msun 

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 330
Mfinal  0.00 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 340
Mfinal  0.03 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 350
Mfinal  0.02 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 360
Mfinal 0.03 Msun 

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 370
Mfinal 0.05 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 380
Mfinal  0.06 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 390
Mfinal  0.06 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 400
Mfinal  0.05 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 410
Mfinal  0.01 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 420
Mfinal  1.87 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 430
Mfinal  0.68 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 440
Mfinal  0.01 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 450
Mfinal 1.54 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 460
Mfinal  1.00 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 470
Mfinal  0.09 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 480
Mfinal  0.08 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 490
Mfinal  0.04 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs 

Sink no. 500
Mfinal  0.24 Msun

850 micron continuum images

1100 micron continuum images

SEDs